Genome projects

Genome projects – Research and technology development efforts aimed at
mapping and sequencing some or all of the genome of an organism.
Genophiler™ – an automated, objective system for reviewing and presenting DNA
profiling data.
Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organism, as distinguished from its physical
appearance or phenotype.
Guanine  – a purine base; one of the four molecules containing nitrogen present in
the nucleic acids DNA and RNA; designated by letter G.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) –populations of organisms that are in HWE
have no statistical correlations between any pairs of alleles within individuals in
the population.
Heredity – the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next.
Heterozygous – a heterozygous organism has two different alleles at a particular
locus.
Homozygous – a homozygous organism has two copies of the same allele at a
particular locus.
Identifiler – PCR Amplification Kit (AmpFLSTR® Identifiler™) that provides
human identification laboratories with the ability to generate information on 15
STR loci and Amelogenin.
In vitro – outside a living organism.
Kilobase (kb) – unit of length for DNA fragments equal to 1000 nucleotides.
Kinship coefficient – the probability that two randomly chosen genes, one from
each of two individuals in a population, are identical (i.e. both descended from the
same ancestral gene, or one from the other).
Linkage – the association of alleles at two or more loci due either to their residing
on a single chromosome or their abundance in a particular ethnic group that causes
them to appear together at a higher than expected frequency.
Localize – determination of the original position (locus) of a gene or other marker
on a chromosome.
Locus (pl. loci) – the physical location of a gene on a chromosome.
Marker – a gene of known location on a chromosome and phenotype that is used
as a point of reference in the mapping of other loci.
Matrix failure (pull up) – a result of the inability of the detection instrument to
properly resolve the dye colors used to label PCR amplification products. Often
due to off-scale peaks.
Megabase (Mb) – unit of length for DNA fragments equal to one million
nucleotides.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) – DNA found in the mitochondria inside cells (not
associated with the nuclear chromosomes); transmission is only from mother to
child.